Potable Water Treatment.
Using a Triton DW20T Water Treatment Plant: 
Stage 1 - Pumping of supply:
The DW20T is supplied standard with an Onga JJ600 Deep well injector pump to acheive from 0 to 24m suction depth.Other pumping systems are available for Solar power, Diesel power and pumps which require no power to operate. All standard types of pumps are available such as Piston, Centrifugal and Jet. Stage 2 - Chlorine Feeder:
This is an erosion type feeder to ensure bacteria cannot breed in the following media tank. Bromine can be used for this stage if required. Stage 3 - Particulate Filtration:
The source water is filtered through an AquaZEL media filter to approx 3 microns, which removes suspended particulate. Secondly the water is passed through a re-useable 1-micron bag filter which has the capacity to remove any microscopic worms parasites and cysts such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium Stage 4 - Particulate Flocking:
The water is injected with a flocculant and then passed through a pH neutraliser to correct low pH. The flocked contaminants are then settled in the Floc tank Stage 5 - Micro Filtration:
The water is passed through a re-useable 1-micron bag filter which has the capacity to remove any microscopic worms parasites and cysts such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium Stage 6 - Carbon Filtration:
This will change the chemistry of the water, whereas particulate filtration will not. Chemistry is the dissolved Ions that are present, some of which are harmful and could be lethal while others are not. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC's) which can be colourless, odourless and tasteless, (Pesticides, Herbicides, Hormones etc.) are detrimental to health. Heavy metals such as mercury and Lead, all can be safely captured in the DW30T System. Unlike Reverse Osmosis systems, which do not remove VOC's, require high-pressure pumps and the contaminants physically removed and disposed of, the DW30T system safely locks the contaminants within the media. Stage - 7 Biocide Injection:
This is for controlling Biological contamination in the water (Bacteria etc.). It is not always necessary depending on water source, type of storage and point of use requirement. Chlorine has been chosen because it is relatively easy to obtain. Bromine can also be used, as is a safer disinfectant if available however is more costly. Stage - 8 Ultra Violet Treatment:
This final step is used to guarantee that a biological breakthrough can not occur even in the event of some of the other controls breaking down. UV Lamps capable of treating water with only 55% optical transmission are employed to ensure no bacteria survive at Point of Use. The UV control panel has an Hour run meter which can also be used to control maintenance periods.
Swimming Pool Backwash Water Recycling
AquaZEL
- Clinoptilolite is an aluminosilicate mineral of the Zeolite mineral
group. The calcium form of the mineral is an effective water filtration
medium and is replacing sand as the medium of choice in both domestic
and municipal applications worldwide.
Contamination of water takes on the following forms:
Particulate; Colloidal Ionic
Natural Clinoptilolite is most effective as a filtering medium in all three of these areas of concern.
Because
of Clinoptilolites unique 'cage-like' molecular structure,
Clinoptilolite filter beds are rich in macro-, meso- and micro-pores.
Clinoptilolite has an effective capacity to absorb and adsorb
positively charged ions, molecules and particles. As a result of this,
a Clinoptilolite bed removes contaminants both by physical separation
and by the chemical cation adsorption mechanism. Natural Clinoptilolite
has a particularly high affinity for ammonia ions, with adsorption
capacity of 8-12 g/kg.
The
Clinoptilolite also acts to buffer the pH, minimising fluctuations and
the need for corrective action. The Clinoptilolite tuff acts as a
filter medium to remove dirt and colloids from water. It retains a
greater volume of dirt than a sand filter, so the frequency of
backwashing to clean the filter and remove dirt is less. Due to the
lower density of natural Clinoptilolite compared to sand, backwash
rates must be reduced compared to those used for sand. Clinoptilolite
absorbs metal ions as well as ammonia, and so can reduce the water
hardness. Where other types of media simply achieve separation of
particulate matter, it is in the area of meso- and micro-filtration
that Clinoptilolite shows additional benefits:
High specific surface area. The Clinoptilolite is ground to a particle size range 0.5-2.0 mm. It has a surface area of 20-50 m2/g whereas the internal surface
is several hundreds of m2 per gram of material. The total pore volume is 0.33 cm3/g. The structure of Clinoptilolite is unaffected by either acidic or alkaline media. Volume of pores smaller than 7.8 mm are 0.1 cm3/g. Pores above 7.5 mm are 0.23 cm3/g. The filter is long lasting. Filters are much more easily 'back-washed', i.e. longer cycle times are possible. Contaminants are trapped down to the molecular level – binding capacity is high. Less water is used for back-flushing – as much as 20% less. Pressure drop is smaller. Bacteria, algae and phyto-planktons can be removed.
Water Softening and Filtration Plant
For Gold Mine in Papua
New Guinea
How does a water softener work?
We call water "hard" if it contains a lot of calcium or magnesium
dissolved in it.
- It can cause
"scale" to form on the inside of pipes, Boilers and so on. The
calcium and magnesium precipitate out of the water and stick to things.
The scale doesn't conduct heat well and it also reduces the flow through
pipes. Eventually, pipes can become completely clogged.
- The solution to hard water
is either to filter the water by distillation or reverse osmosis to remove
the calcium and magnesium, or to use a water softener. Filtration
of this type is usually extremely expensive, so a water softener is
usually a less costly solution.
The idea behind a water softener is simple. The calcium and magnesium ions
in the water are replaced with sodium ions. Since sodium does not precipitate
out in pipes the problems of hard water are eliminated. To do the ion
replacement, the water runs through a bed of small plastic beads covered with
sodium ions. As the water flows past the sodium ions, they swap places with the
calcium and magnesium ions. Eventually, the beads contain nothing but calcium
and magnesium and no sodium, and at this point they stop softening the water.
It is then time to regenerate the beads.
Regeneration involves soaking the beads in a stream of sodium ions. Salt is sodium
chloride, so the water softener mixes up a very strong brine solution and
flushes it through the beads The strong brine displaces all of the calcium
and magnesium that has built up in the beads and replaces it again with sodium.
The remaining brine plus all of the calcium and magnesium is flushed out
through a drain pipe.
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